Bank Stablecoin Architecture: 21-Bank USD Consortium vs Qivalis vs Stellar Pilot
How the 21-bank USD stablecoin consortium, Qivalis euro effort and US Bank Stellar pilot differ on issuance, freeze and clawback controls. Systems analysis only.
Circle Arc Mainnet: Architecture of a Stablecoin-Native Layer 1
Circle launched Arc, a USDC-native Layer 1, on Sept 16, 2026 with validators from BlackRock, Visa and Mastercard. A systems analysis of its design (not advice).