NATS JetStream vs Kafka (2026): Edge & IIoT Telemetry ADR
NATS JetStream vs Kafka for edge and IIoT telemetry: footprint, delivery guarantees, leaf nodes vs partitions, back-pressure and cost - a 2026 architecture decision record.
OPC UA FX vs MQTT Sparkplug B (2026): Which for Your UNS
OPC UA FX vs MQTT Sparkplug B compared for the Unified Namespace: machine-level field exchange vs enterprise event bus, TSN, payloads, when to bridge. 2026 decision guide.
NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA): A Hands-On Second-Channel Monitoring Setup (2026)
A hands-on NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA) tutorial: the second monitoring channel, verification of request, a read-only OPC UA diode, and edge analytics without touching the DCS.
Ethernet-APL Reference Architecture: Two-Wire Ethernet for Process Automation (2026)
An Ethernet-APL reference architecture for process plants: 10BASE-T1L physical layer, power over two wires, intrinsic safety zones, switches, and OPC UA field integration.
IoT vs Digital Twin: Differences and How They Work Together (2026)
IoT vs digital twin in 2026: a clear answer-first breakdown of what each is, how they differ, how they combine in a real architecture, and when you need both.
Digital Twin Components: A 2026 Reference Architecture
The components of a digital twin in 2026: the physical entity, data ingestion, the virtual model, synchronization, analytics, and the service interface layer.
Battery Gigafactory Digital Twin Reference Architecture
A vendor-neutral 2026 reference architecture for a battery gigafactory digital twin: electrode, cell, and pack telemetry, yield modeling, and the closed control loop.
Green Hydrogen Digital Twin Reference Architecture (2026)
A vendor-neutral 2026 reference architecture for green-hydrogen digital twins: electrolyzer telemetry, AI simulation, and the GHaaS optimization loop.
Does a Digital Twin Need Real-Time Data? A Fact-Check
Fact-checking the biggest digital twin myth: does a twin require a live connection? We separate marketing claims from the actual architecture.
Agentic Digital Twins: AI-Driven Twins in 2026
Why digital twins are becoming agentic in 2026: how LLM agents, live data, and closed-loop control turn replicas into self-optimizing systems.