LLM function calling explained: JSON-schema tool definitions, parallel tool calls, the agent loop, routing, validation and failure handling in a production tool-use architecture.
Diffusion LLMs explained: how text diffusion models replace next-token prediction with iterative denoising and parallel decoding - masked discrete diffusion, remasking, throughput trade-offs vs autoregressive models in 2026.
Corrective RAG (CRAG) and Self-RAG explained for 2026: retrieval grading, query rewriting, self-reflection loops, a reference design, and when each pays off.
The LLM semantic router pattern in 2026: route requests by intent and cost to the right model, with vLLM Semantic Router, embeddings, and a reference design.