Robot Description Formats Compared: URDF vs SDF vs MJCF vs OpenUSD for Digital Twins
URDF, SDF, MJCF and OpenUSD compared for robot digital twins: what each models, physics fidelity, converters and a CAD-to-simulator pipeline.
UWB Real-Time Location Systems in Factories: IEEE 802.15.4z vs BLE Channel Sounding
How UWB real-time location works in factories: TWR vs TDoA, IEEE 802.15.4z, anchor geometry, accuracy limits and BLE Channel Sounding compared.
5G RedCap for Industrial IoT: Reduced Capability Devices, Power and Deployment Guide
5G RedCap for industrial IoT: 3GPP Release 17 and 18 limits, eRedCap, power saving and when to pick it over LTE-M, NB-IoT or full 5G NR.
EU Cyber Resilience Act and SBOMs for IoT Firmware: CycloneDX vs SPDX in Practice
EU Cyber Resilience Act SBOM guide for IoT firmware: CycloneDX vs SPDX, VEX, 24-hour reporting duties and build-pipeline integration.
Digital Twin State Estimation: Kalman vs Particle Filter vs EnKF for Twin Synchronization
Digital twin state estimation: Kalman, EKF, UKF, particle and ensemble Kalman filters compared, with equations, cost, failure modes and a numpy example.
OPC UA Companion Specifications for Robotics and Machinery: Interoperability in Practice
How OPC UA companion specs for machinery and robotics (OPC 40001, 40010) create shared information models, and how to implement and test them in a plant.
ML-KEM and ML-DSA on Constrained IoT Microcontrollers: Memory, Speed and Migration
ML-KEM (FIPS 203) and ML-DSA (FIPS 204) on Cortex-M IoT devices: key and signature sizes, RAM and flash cost, handshake impact and migration plan.
Brownfield Modbus Retrofit to Unified Namespace: Edge Gateway Options Compared
Retrofit Modbus RTU and TCP machines into a Unified Namespace: gateway options, polling vs report-by-exception, data modeling, and failure modes in brownfield plants.
Sovereign Industrial AI Cloud: A Reference Architecture for Physical AI in Europe
What sovereign industrial AI cloud means for physical AI: data residency, GPU capacity, edge-to-cloud flows, and a reference architecture with trade-offs.
SUIT (RFC 9124) vs Uptane vs Mender, RAUC and SWUpdate: IoT OTA Update Comparison
OTA update stacks compared: IETF SUIT manifests, Uptane, Mender, RAUC and SWUpdate. Threat models, A/B partitioning, delta updates, rollback, and which.